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Learn in Your Car Spanish - The Complete Language Course 9 Hours of Audio - Level I II and III Learn in Your Car - Spanish - The Complete Language Course - Audio Book Brand New : 9 Audio CDs - plus three listening guides plus zippered carry case plus bonus DVD This exciting new edition includes a 60-minute Travelogue DVD of the relevant destination countries for each language. This added feature will enrich the learning experience and add that extra stimulus to motivate users with their studies. New material in this second edition includes a variety of internet and digital media/technology terms. It features: nine 60-minute CDs; full text listening guide; and zippered CD carrying case. It includes: Level 1 - introduction to key words numbers phrases sentence structure and basic grammar; Level 2 - more challenging vocabulary more grammar more complex sentences generate con more information.....

Quick and Easy Spanish Learn the basics with easy to follow CD and Book More Spanish Language Learning click here Quick and Easy Spanish - Audio CD and booklet Brand New ( 64 page booklet and CD): Covering Travel Staying the Night Leisure and sport Eating Out Business Shopping Nightlife and Health. Light and compact with an audio CD About the Spanish Language Spanish (español ) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language originally from the northern area of Spain. From there its use gradually spread inside the Kingdom of Castile where it evolved and eventually became the principal language of the government and trade. It was later taken to Africa the Americas and Asia Pacific when they were brought under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. The language is spoken by between 322 and 400 million people natively making Spanish the most spoken Romance language and p extra info.....

Learn in Your Car Spanish Level 1 Other Learn to Speak Spanish Audio click here Learn in your Car Spanish - Level 1 - 3 Audio CDs Brand New (3 audio CDs) The Learn in Your Car Spanish is the first system ever designed to teach a language in your car...or anywhere...without a textbook. Simple and effective you can learn to converse in another language while driving walking or doing tasks around the house. Each course is organized the way you learn best - by learning words and phrases - and building these into sentences and clear conversations. Arrange hotel accommodations order in restaurants change money and feel more at home next time you travel! he Learn in Your Car Spanish language series is: Easy to use without a textbook Prepared by dialect-free professionals Available in levels for students of all abilities Designed to teach grammar basics through recorded examples PLUS Full Text Listening Guide Level 1 spanish offers an introduction to key words numbers phrase more details.....

Spanish for Children Activity Book CDs and Parents CD Other Learn to Speak Spanish Audio click here Spanish for Children Activity Book 2 Program Audio CDs 1 Parents Audio CD Brand New Includes A Full Color Activity Book (80 pages)- A complete Language Course A wide range of Activities Games Spanish-language songs the cartoon adventures of Supergato Stimulating Program CDs - Numerous -activities drawn from the activity book additional activities created especially for the CD the songs for all the units each exciting episode of Supergato Parents/Instructors CD - Tips for helping children get the most out of the program Additional games and activities All the program songs collected together th more details.....

Pimsleur Comprehensive Spanish Level 1 Get other Pimsleur Comprehensive Spanish click here Get other Spanish Language audio click here Comprehensive Spanish I includes 30 lessons of essential grammar and vocabulary -- 16 hours of real-life spoken practice sessions -- plus an introduction to reading. Upon completion of this Level I program you will have functional spoken proficiency with the most-frequently-used vocabulary and grammatical structures. You will be able to: * initiate and maintain face-to-face conversations * deal with every day situations -- ask for information directions and give basic information about yourself and family * communicate basic information on informal topics and participate in casual conversations * avoid basic cultural errors and handle minimum courtesy and travel requireme more details.....

Spanish Crash Course Essential Vocabulary Phrases and Pronunciation for quick and Easy mastery 3 Audio CDs - play in your car - portable CD player - or at home Other Learn to Speak Spanish Audio click here Spanish Crash Course - Learn to Speak Spanish on 3 Audio CDs Brand New : . 3 CDs Designed to pinpoint the most relevant information needed for daily communication Instant Immersion Spanish Crash Course provides a quick and thorough program for travelers students and business people alike who want to master key speaking skills fast. This 3 CD audio suite features salutations the alphabet pronunciation and much more enabling you to converse with ease. Join the millions of people worldwide who have discovered the value of Instant Immersion and get on the fast track to Spanish proficiency! CD 1: Alphabet Sounds Pronunciation Tips more here.....

Teach Your Baby Spanish Audio CD and teaching guide More Spanish Language Learning click here Teach Your Baby Spanish Audio CD and Teaching Guide Brand New : . 1 CD Teach Your Baby Spanish helps your child learn more than one language during the crucial window of opportunity: The first three years of life! Teaching counting colours body parts animals clothes and more Teach Your Baby Spanish focuses on concepts and objects which infants can comprehend instead of abstractions like time or social greetings. Teach Your Baby Spanish helps stimulate a baby's neural pathways build vocabulary and develop innate grammar understanding - in more than one language! Children learn multiple languages more easily and quickly before age three than at any other time in life because their brains are still rapidly developing. Take advantage of this opportunity and give your child a head start in life! For Ages 0 - 3 About the Spanish Language Spanish (español ) or Castilian (castellano) more here.....

Pimsleur Comprehensive Spanish Level 2 Get other Pimsleur Comprehensive Spanish click here Get other Spanish Language audio click here Comprehensive Spanish II includes 30 additional lessons (16 hrs.) plus Readings which build upon the language skills acquired in Level I. Increased spoken and reading language ability. Level II will double your vocabulary and grammatical structures while increasing your spoken proficiency exponentially. Upon completion of a Level II you will be able to: * engage in fuller conversations involving yourself your family daily activities interests and personal preferences * combine known elements into increasingly longer sentences and strings of sentences * create with language and function in informal situations * deal with concrete topics in the past present and future * meet social demands a more information.....

Teach Yourself Latin-American Spanish Book and 2 Audio CDs More Spanish Language Learning click here Teach Yourself Latin-American Spanish - Book and 2 Audio CDs Brand New - 2 CDs and Book This communicative course in Latin American Spanish assumes no previous knowledge of the language. It is designed for beginners as well as those who have done a general Spanish course and now wish to learn the forms spoken in Latin America. The 13 units will give you ample opportunity to learn and practise the language in practical everyday situations such as introducing yourself and others giving personal information making travel arrangements ordering food and shopping - in fact everything you need for travelling in Latin America be it on business or on holiday. The new edition retains the tried-and-tested str extra info.....

Instant Immersion Spanish 8 Audio CDs 8 Audio CDs - play in your car - portable CD player - or at home - (they are not computer software) More Spanish Language Learning click here Instant Immersion Spanish - 8 Audio CDs - Audio Only Brand New : . 8 CDs Based on the highly effective Euro Method™ (an intuitive approach that surrounds you with native speakers and a new culture) New and Improved! Instant Immersion™ Spanish Advanced provides authentic dialogue and traditional settings that immerse you in the Spanish language and lifestyle. Written and developed by university professors and linguistic experts each lesson in this 8-CD suite utilizes the same learning methods and retention techniques used in university-level language programs. The lesson plan is designed to build a solid collection of vocabulary terms and more advanced dialogue sk extra info.....

Baby's First Words in Spanish Teach Your Child Spanish Get Other Spanish Language Learning click here Baby's First Words in Spanish Book and CD - Newborn to 2 Years Expand Your Child's Mind and Horizons with a Second Language! Reccomended for babies and toddlers up to 2 years of age. Brand New - Still in Original Packaging Before they focus in on their native language babies have an amazing ability to hear and absorb sounds that adults unconsciously block out like the subtleties of a foreign language. "Baby's First Words in Spanish" is an introduction to the sounds of Spanish and locks in a child's ability to learn these sounds. Created by linguistic experts "Baby's First Words in Spanish" is designed for newborns to toddlers up to two years old. Each package includes: -A CD of sweet and soothing songs rhymes words and stories -Parents' guide that explains how children lea more details.....

Earworms Rapid Spanish Volume 1 Learn in Your Car - Musical Brain Trainer Get Other Spanish Language Learning click here Get Other Earworms Musical Brain Trainers click here Earworms Rapid Spanish Volume 1 - Musical Brain Trainer - Audio CD Brand New (still shrink wrapped): earworms mbt™ is a revolutionary accelerated learning technique that takes the hard work out of learning. By listening to these specially composed melodies with their rhythmic repetitions of Spanish and English a few times you pick up over 200 essential words and phrases that will not just be on the tip of your tongue but burned deeply into your long-term memory in next to no time. If you like music and want to make rapid progress without any formal knowledge of language learning earworms mbt™ Rapid S more here.....

DK Eyewitness Travel - 15 Minute Latin-American Spanish More Spanish Language Learning click here DK Eyewitness Travel - 15 Minute Latin-American Spanish Brand New - 2 CDs and Book Learn Latin-American Spanish in just 15 minutes a day With an innovative visual approach the Eyewitness Travel 15-Minute language guides are the ideal tools for people who need to learn a language fast. Now there is no excuse. Just 15 minutes a day for 12 weeks (with the weekends off!) will provide you with language essentials for any trip to Latin America. Whether starting from scratch or just in need of a refresher there is no easier way to learn Latin-American Spanish - fast. Practice only 4 times a week for 3 months and master the language! -Each week covers the language relating to a specific topic or situation. -Unique combination of visual guide and CDs makes learning quick easy and fun. -In just 15 minutes a day you can speak and understand Latin-American Spanish with confidence. -No click here.....

Teach Yourself Spanish Book and 2 Audio CDs More Spanish Language Learning click here Teach Yourself Spanish - Book and 2 Audio CDs Brand New - 2 CDs and Book Teach Yourself Spanish is the course for anyone who wants to progress quickly from the basics to understanding speaking and writing Spanish with confidence. Although aimed at those with no previous knowledge it is equally suitable for anyone wishing to brush up existing knowledge or refresh rusty language skills for a holiday or business trip. Key structures and vocabulary are introduced in 25 thematic units progressing from introducing yourself and dealing with everyday situations to making travel arrangements and renting a flat. The cour more.....

Learn Spanish the Fun Way Lyric Language Live CD DVD and Book Value pack Other Childrens Language Learning Audio click here Other Spanish Language Learning Audio click here Learn Spanish the Fun Way - Lyric Language Live - DVD Activity Book and Audio CD Brand New The Multiple Award Winning Lyric Language series is one of the most successful audio and video language programs available. It teaches foreign languages to children through music and delightful bilingual lyrics. It's also perfect for ESL students! Includes a 70 minute DVD video with a full colour Lyric Book an audio CD containing 21 bilingual songs About the Spanish Language Spanish (español ) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language originally from the northern area of Spain. From there its use gradually spread inside the Kingdom of Castile where it evolved and eventually became the principal language of the government and trade. It was later taken to Africa the Ame click here.....

Drive Time Spanish Learn while your Drive More Spanish Language Learning click here Drive Time Spanish 4 Audio CD and Booklet Brand New : . 4 CDs Now anyone can learn a foreign language while commuting to work running errands or even taking a trip with the family. The new all-audio Drive Time series starts with an ingenious "On-Ramp" CD that eases language learners into Spanish with simple practical expressions and engaging warm-up exercises. Three additional CDs contain 18 lessons that cover all of the essentials-vocabulary pronunciation grammar and basic conversation. Drive Time also includes a 64-page reference guide for anyone who would like to see spellings or read dialogues as a review-from the passenger seat of course About the Spanish Language Spanish (español ) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language originally from the northern area of Spain. From there its use gradually spread inside the Kingdom of C more information.....

Pimsleur Basic Spanish 5 Audio CDs 5 Audio CDs Audio Only More Spanish Language Learning click here More Pimsleur Audio CDs click here Pimsleur Basic Spanish 5 Audio CDs Brand New : . 5 CDs This Basic program contains 5 hours of audio-only effective language learning with real-life spoken practice sessions. HEAR IT LEARN IT SPEAK IT The Pimsleur Method provides the most effective language-learning program ever developed. The Pimsleur Method gives you quick command of Spanis structure without tedious drills. Learning to speak Spanish can actually be enjoyable and rewarding. The key reason most people struggle with new languages is that they aren't given proper instruction only bits and pieces of a langu click here.....

Pimsleur Comprehensive Spanish Level 3 Get other Pimsleur Comprehensive Spanish click here Get other Spanish Language audio click here Comprehensive Spanish III includes 30 additional lessons (16 hrs.) plus Readings which build upon the language skills acquired in Levels I and II. Increased spoken and reading language ability. Level III will increase your vocabulary and grammatical structures and triple your spoken proficiency. Upon completion of a level III you will be able to: * participate in most informal and some formal discussions on practical social and some semi-professional topics * form longer sentences while maintaining the target language syntax * be understood even by native speakers unused to dealing with foreigners * handle increasingly difficult grammatical structures * enjoy fluent conversations with a variety of strangers * have a near-native accent and the subtleties of the language will be apparent in your speech * read at the same level at which you speak. Note: In order for the Pimsleur Method to work correctly you must first complete the Level I + II language programs before proceeding more.....

Spanish for Dummies Three CDs and 96 page listening guide More Spanish Language Learning click here Spanish for Dummies - Audio CDs and Book Brand New (still shrink wrapped): 3 CDs plus 96 page book Whether you are moving to Spain or just planning a vacation you’ll want to know some key words and phrases to make sure everything’s va bene. Spanish For Dummies Audio Set has everything you need to introduce you to the language so that you can start to communicate with other Spanish speakers (without memorizing a bunch of boring grammar notes and long vocabulary lists!). Each of the three hour-long CDs is filled with interesting conversation topics that allow you to listen to what you want to listen at your own pace. Soon you’ll be able to communicate in Italian about: * Work jobs and office life * Making small talk * Traveling and making arrangements * Asking for directions * Getting help and assistance * Ordering find out more.....

Pimsleur Conversational Spanish Totally Audio Language Course 8CDs 16 Lessons Audio CDs play on Car/Portable/Home CD player Other Learn Spanish Audio Book CDs Click here More Pimsleur Audio CDs click here Pimsleur Conversational Spanish - 8 Audio CDs : Brand New : 8 Audio CDs HEAR IT LEARN IT SPEAK IT The Pimsleur Method provides the most effective language-learning program ever developed. The Pimsleur Method gives you quick command of Spanish structure without tedious drills. Learning to speak Spanish can actually be enjoyable and rewarding. The key reason most people struggle with new languages is that they aren't given proper instruction only bits and pieces of a language. Other language progra click here.....

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About the Spanish Language

Spanish (español ) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language originally from the northern area of Spain. From there, its use gradually spread inside the Kingdom of Castile, where it evolved and eventually became the principal language of the government and trade. It was later taken to Africa, the Americas and Asia Pacific when they were brought under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. The language is spoken by between 322 and 400 million people natively, making Spanish the most spoken Romance language and possibly the second most spoken language by number of native speakers. Today, it is one of the official languages of Spain, most Latin American countries and Equatorial Guinea. In total, 21 nations use Spanish as their primary language. Spanish is also one of six official languages of the United Nations.

Spaniards tend to call this language español (Spanish) when contrasting it with languages of other states, such as French and English, but call it castellano (Castilian), that is, the language of the Castile region, when contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician, Basque, and Catalan. This reasoning also holds true for the language's preferred name in some Hispanic American countries. In this manner, the Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of the whole Spanish State The name castellano is however widely used for the language as a whole in Latin America. Some Spanish speakers consider castellano a generic term with no political or ideological links, much as "Spanish" is in English. Often Americans use it to differentiate their own variety of Spanish as opposed to the variety of Spanish spoken in Spain, or vice-versa, to refer to that variety of Spanish which is considered as standard in the region.

Mexico has the world's largest Spanish-speaking population. Spanish is the second most widely spoken language in the United States and by far the most popular studied foreign language in U.S. schools and universities. Spanish is among the most popular foreign languages for study in the rest of the nations of the Anglosphere in general, where on top of the widespread use of English globally, the large number of additional countries and geographic territory that Spanish allows exploring is an attractive prospect for many people. Due to proximity, linguistic similarities, and trade reasons it is also a very popular second language in France, Italy, Portugal, and particularly the southern states of Brazil. It is estimated that the combined total of native and non-native Spanish speakers is approximately 500 million, likely making it the fourth most spoken language by total number of speakers. Global internet usage statistics for 2007 show Spanish as the third most commonly used language on the internet, after English and Chinese.

History of Spanish

The language known today as Spanish is derived from a dialect of spoken Latin in the north-central part of the Iberian Peninsula. Over the period of roughly 1,000 years leading up to the present it expanded from north to south in the Iberian Peninsula, was carried by Spain to its colonial empire, mostly in the Western Hemisphere, and eventually became the official language of some 20 countries and was adopted as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.

The development of Spanish phonology is distinguished from those of other Romance languages by several features:

* thoroughgoing diphthongization of Latin stressed short E and O, in closed syllables as well as open (tiempo, puerta);
* palatalization of Latin -NN- and -LL- (año, silla);
* the phonemic merger of /b/ and /v/ (making the noun tubo and the verb tuvo phonetically equivalent);
* spirantization of /b/, /d/, and /g/ (from Latin P, T, and C), as in sabe, vida, and lago;
* devoicing and further development of the medieval Spanish sibilants, producing the velar fricative in words such as caja, hijo, gente and — in northern and central Spain — the interdental in words such as cinco, hacer, and lazo; and
* aspiration and eventual loss of Latin F, commemorated in modern spelling by the silent h of words such as hablar, hilo, hoja.

Spanish verbal morphology continues the use of some Latin synthetic forms that were replaced by analytic ones in French and Italian (cf. Sp. lavó, Fr. il a lavé), and the Spanish subjunctive mood maintains separate present- and imperfect-tense forms. Spanish syntax provides overt marking for some direct objects (the "personal a"), and Spanish, among the Romance languages, imposes relatively fewer restrictions on the ordering of subject, verb, and object.

Due to its unique history of contact with other languages, the Spanish lexicon contains loanwords from Basque, Arabic, and indigenous languages of the Americas.
The standard Spanish language is also called Castilian. In its earliest documented form, and up through approximately the 15th century, the language is customarily called Old Spanish. From approximately the 16th century on, it is called Modern Spanish. Spanish of the 16th and 17th centuries is sometimes called "classical" Spanish, referring to the literary accomplishments of that period. Unlike English and French, it is not customary to speak of a "middle" stage in the development of Spanish. Castilian Spanish originated, after the decline of the Roman Empire, as a continuation of spoken Latin in the Cantabrian Mountains, in northern Spain, in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, according to most authorities; but others claim it came from Franco-Navarrese and Gothic-Castilian dialects in the 11th century AD. With the Reconquista, this northern dialect spread to the south, where it almost entirely replaced or absorbed the provincial dialects, at the same time as it borrowed massively from the vocabulary of Moorish Arabic and was influenced by Mozarabic (the Romance speech of Christians living in Moorish territory) and medieval Judeo-Spanish (Ladino). These languages all but vanished in the Iberian peninsula by the late 16th century.

The prestige of Old Castile and its language was propagated partly by the exploits of Castilian heroes in the battles of the Reconquista — among them Fernán González and Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid) — and by the narrative poems about them that were recited in Castilian even outside the original territory of that dialect. The "first written Spanish" is traditionally considered to have appeared in the Glosas Emilianenses. These are "glosses" (translations of isolated words and phrases in a form more like Spanish than Latin) added between the lines of a manuscript that was written earlier in Latin. Estimates of their date vary from the late 10th to the early 11th century. The first steps toward standardization of written Castilian were taken in the 13th century by King Alfonso X of Castile, known as Alfonso el Sabio (Alfonso the Wise). He assembled scribes at his court and supervised their writing, in Castilian, of extensive works on history, astronomy, law, and other fields of knowledge.

Antonio de Nebrija wrote the first grammar of Spanish and presented it, in 1492, to Queen Isabella, who is said to have had an early appreciation of the usefulness of the language as a tool of hegemony, as if anticipating the empire that was about to be founded with the voyages of Columbus. The Spanish language, like Icelandic, Arabic, and many languages with a classical age, can be read with little help as far back as documents written in the 1100s and before.

The Spanish Royal Academy was founded in 1713, largely with the purpose of preserving the "purity" of the language. The Academy published its first dictionary in six volumes over the period 1726–1739, and its first grammar in 1771, and it continues to produce new editions of both from time to time. Each of the Spanish-speaking countries has an analogous language academy, and an Association of Spanish Language Academies was created in 1951. Beginning in the 16th century, Spanish colonization brought the language to the Americas (Mexico, Central America, and western South America), where it is spoken today, as well as to several island groups in the Pacific where it is no longer spoken by any large numbers of people: the Philippines, Palau, the Marianas (including Guam), and what is today the Federated States of Micronesia). Use of the language in the Americas was continued by descendants of the Spaniards, both by Spanish criollos and by what had then become the mixed Spanish-Amerindian (mestizo) majority. After the wars of independence fought by these colonies in the 19th century, the new ruling elites extended their Spanish to the whole population to strengthen national unity, and the encouragement of all natives to become fluent in Spanish has had a certain amount of success, except in very isolated parts of the former Spanish colonies.

The still-Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico encouraged more immigrants from Spain in the late 19th century, and similarly other Latin American countries such as Argentina, nearby Uruguay and to a lesser extent Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela, attracted waves of European immigration, Spanish and non-Spanish, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There, the countries' large (or sizable minority) population groups of second- and third-generation descendants adopted the Spanish language as part of their governments' official assimilation policies to include Europeans who were Catholics and agreed to take an oath of allegiance to their chosen nation's government. When Puerto Rico became a possession of the United States as consequence of the Spanish-American War, its population was by then almost entirely of Spanish and mixed Afro-Caribbean Spanish (mulatto and mestizo) descent, thereby enabling the retention of their inherited Spanish language as a mother tongue while co-existing with the American imposed English as co-official. Puerto Rico has received immigration from Europe, when Spanish colonial officials invited farmers and island fishers from Corsica, the Canary Islands, the Azores, Greece, Malta, Italy and Ireland, while millions of Puerto Ricans went to the mainland U.S. in the 20th century. (see Puerto Rican people and Puerto Ricans in the United States).

A similar situation occurred in the American Southwest including California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, where Spaniards, then Californios (Spanish criollos in California) followed by Chicanos (Mexican Americans) and later Mexican immigrants, maintained Spanish alive before, during and after the American appropriation of those territories, since the 1500s. Spanish continues to be used by millions of citizens and immigrants from Latin America to the United States (for example, many Cuban Americans arrived in Miami, Florida beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, and followed by other Latin American groups; the local majority is now Spanish-speaking). Spanish is now treated as the country's "second language," and over 5 percent of the U.S. population are Spanish-speaking, but most Latino/Hispanic Americans are bilingual or also regularly speak English. In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced in Equatorial Guinea and Western Sahara after periods of Spanish colonial rule, and it is also studied and spoken in former French and Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia, but it is not the main languages of these areas. It is also spoken in parts of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City, at first by immigrants from Puerto Rico, and later by other Latin American immigrants who arrived there in the late 20th century. In the Marianas, the Spanish language was retained until the Pacific War, but is no longer spoken there by any significant number of people.

Language politics in Francoist Spain declared Spanish as the only official language in Spain, and to this day it is the most preferred language in government, business, public education, work place, cultural arts, and the media. But in the 1960s and 1970s, the Spanish parliament agreed to allow provinces to use, speak, and print official documents in three other languages: Catalan for Catalonia, Basque for the Basque provinces, and Galician for Galicia. Since the early 1980s after Spain became a multi-party democracy, these regional and minority languages have rebounded in common usage as secondary languages, but Spanish remains the universal language of the Spanish people. When the United Nations organization was founded in 1945, Spanish was designated one of its five official languages (along with Chinese, English, French, and Russian; a sixth language, Arabic, was added in 1973).

The list of Nobel laureates in Literature includes ten authors who wrote in Spanish (José Echegaray, Jacinto Benavente, Gabriela Mistral, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Miguel Ángel Asturias, Pablo Neruda, Vicente Aleixandre, Gabriel García Márquez, Camilo José Cela, and Octavio Paz).

Many Castilians who took part in the reconquista and later repopulation campaigns were of Basque lineage and this is evidenced by many place names throughout Spain. According to the explanations which negate or downplay Basque influence, the change occurred in the affected dialects wholly independent of each other as the result of internal change (i.e. linguistic factors, not outside influence). It is also possible that the two forces worked in concert and reinforced each other. Although Germanic languages by most accounts affected the phonological development very little, many Spanish words of Germanic origin are very common in all varieties of everyday Spanish. The words for cardinal directions (norte, este, sur, oeste) are all taken from Germanic words (north, east, south and west in Modern English) after the contact with Atlantic sailors, although in old spanish east and west, este y oeste, didn't exist and oriente and occidente, still in use, were used instead. In 711 Spain was invaded by Moors, who brought the Arabic language to the Peninsula. From then until the fall of the Emirate of Granada (1492), Spanish borrowed words from Arabic.

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